ABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine expression, not previously described, of PLUNC (palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone) (BPI-fold containing) proteins in major and minor salivary glands from very early fetal tissue to the end of the second trimester and thus gain further insight into the function of these proteins. Early fetal heads, and major and minor salivary glands were collected retrospectively and glands were classified according to morphodifferentiation stage. Expression of BPI-fold containing proteins was localized through immunohistochemistry. BPIFA2, the major BPI-fold containing protein in adult salivary glands, was detected only in the laryngeal pharynx; the lack of staining in salivary glands suggested salivary expression is either very late in development or is only in adult tissues. Early expression of BPIFA1 was seen in the trachea and nasal cavity with salivary gland expression only seen in late morphodifferentiation stages. BPIFB1 was seen in early neural tissue and at later stages in submandibular and sublingual glands. BPIFA1 is significantly expressed in early fetal oral tissue but BPIFB1 has extremely limited expression and the major salivary BPIF protein (BPIFA2) is not produced in fetal development. Further studies, with more sensitive techniques, will confirm the expression pattern and enable a better understanding of embryonic BPIF protein function.
Subject(s)
Humans , Phosphoproteins/analysis , Salivary Glands/chemistry , Salivary Proteins and Peptides/analysis , Autoantigens/analysis , Glycoproteins/analysis , Proteins/analysis , Fetus/chemistry , Palate/embryology , Palate/chemistry , Salivary Glands/embryology , Time Factors , Tongue/embryology , Tongue/chemistry , Immunohistochemistry , Retrospective Studies , Gestational Age , Fetal Development , Epithelium/chemistry , Head/embryology , Neck/embryologyABSTRACT
El desarrollo embrionario de las regiones facial, del cuello, cavidades nasales y oral en conjunto con las glándulas asociadas, involucra el crecimiento y fusión tridimensional de múltiples procesos. Existe participación de elementos derivados de las 3 capas embrionarias locales y adicionalmente de células derivas de la cresta neural, procedentes de los rombómeros vecinos. Estas últimas se ven involucradas en la formación del esqueleto local, entre otras estructuras. El estudio evolutivo desde los vertebrados sin mandíbula nos enseña como se expresan los genes Hox en las diferentes especies, y como esto determina la formación de diferentes estructuras. En la siguiente revisión contemplamos algunos aspectos morfológicos, moleculares y evolutivos básicos del desarrollo facial y cervical, con énfasis en mamíferos con un epílogo referente a las malformaciones de la región en humanos.
The embryonic development of the facial area, neck, nasal, oral and pharyngeal cavities with glands, involves growth and fusion of multi-dimensional processes. There is involvement of elements from the embryo-derived local 3 layers cells further neural crest derived cells from the neighbors rhombomeres. The neural crest cells are involved in the formation of local skeleton, among other structures. The study of evolution from jawless vertebrates shows us how Hox genes are expressed in different species, and how this determines the formation of different structures. The following review contemplate some morphological, molecular and evolutionary basis of facial and neck development, with emphasis on mammals with an epilogue concerning to the face and neck malformations in humans.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Vertebrates , Face/embryology , Neck/embryology , Congenital Abnormalities , Branchial Region/growth & development , Genes, Homeobox , Maxillofacial Development , Neck/growth & development , Neural Crest/growth & developmentABSTRACT
O Presente trabalho procurou identificar na literatura a existência de possíveis evidências científicas capazes de esclarecer o significado clínico e as implicações da presença da circular cervical durante a gravidez. A maioria dos trabalhos relacionados nesta revisão sugere a presença de comprometimento do bem-estar fetal, entretanto os dados não apresentam significância estatística na sua totalidade e carecem de rigor científico. Por outro lado, é nítida a carência de trabalhos que confirmam a inexistência destas complicações quando a circular cervical está presente. Com base nesta revisão, os autores sugerem conduta clínica para o acompanhamento das gravidezes com circular cervical, adequando-as às situações de baixo e de alto risco gestacional